Police Corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Police Corruption - Research Paper Example This has been witnessed in the police force of United Kingdom as a small number of officers have been found to commit these unethical behaviors. The police officers in the United Kingdom have been under severe criticism for scandals which took place in 1820s and 1960s. It has been found at many instances that the police force in United Kingdom has been involved in bribery, tampering of evidence, and beating up of subjects. For such a behavior to be avoided policies such as Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 have been enacted in the United Kingdom. The problem with the police department is not limited to the developed country of United Kingdom but it also spreads to the United States. It has been found that unethical behavior also persists in the police force of United States and to counter it many steps have been taken by the government of United States also. The Internal Affairs Bureau has been formed to fight the cause of police corruption in the New York Police department and s uch internal units are also formed in other parts of the world so that the police corruption is eliminated. In this essay it would be seen as to how police is being involved in corrupt activities and what measures are being taken to ensure that this corruption is decreased or eliminated from the society. The forms in which corruption persists in the police department is also discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. ... It has been witnessed from the history that the police force in UK was involved in acts of malice and corruption. It was found at many instances that the police in UK assisted in some crimes by concealing the evidence and accepting bribes in order to save suspects. It has been found that police corruption in UK still persists as it has been found that many of the modern day policing authorities is involved in the tampering of evidence along with the violation of police conduct. Police Corruption in United States The problem of police corruption is also found in the developed nations of United States and Australia. Malpractice and misconduct was also found in the activities of the police authorities operating in the jurisdiction of United States. Corruption in United States was unraveled by the help of Knapp Commission who reported that the NYPD was involved greatly in activities of corruption. It was found that at the end of the nineteenth century the police in US was committing corr uption in different departments and were accepting bribes from brothels and gambling dens so that these businesses could operate freely in the region. It was in 1970s that more of these activities were uncovered and it was found out that a group of police officers working in US were also involved in the activities of trafficking cocaine and drugs (Kleinig 1996; Mollen 1994). Types of Police Corruption In order to analyze the prevalence of police corruption all over the world one has to classify as to what really is a corrupt practice and what is not. It has been found that the police force is committing many types of corrupt activities which cannot be justified

Make a case for or against the study of popular verse Essay Example for Free

Make a case for or against the study of popular verse Essay In order to understand the importance of poetry we first need to answer the question what is poetry? In reading a poem for its message, critics often appear to be saying that poems really mean something different form what they appear to mean, and may of us are often led to assume that the interpretation of a text is a matter of finding its hidden meaning. Poetry can be defined as genre by saying that it is different form other main literary genres, fiction and dramas. A second definition based on features of language distinguishes between the way poetry and so called ordinary uses of language. A third definition would differentiate poetry from prose on the basis that it is arranged differently on the page. Poetry means different things to different people and the way readers relate to poetry depends on the individual itself. One of the most obvious distinctions between poetry and most non-poetic discourses is that poetry is set out on the page in lines, whereas prose runs right to the far edge. There are different genres within poetry that signify why the study of poetry is important. Romantic readings of literary texts tend to focus on questions about sincerity of feeling, emotional response, and profundity of insight. These readings will trigger different emotions in readers, as they will relate what they read to their own experiences. They relate these poems with tears, laughter and love. A particularly rewarding and challenging way of reading poetry is the careful analysis of the interplay between the language and form of individual poems. Although many readers say that a poem ought to be enjoyed for its own sake, the critical reading of poetry involves trying to understand how that pleasure is produced. Poems achieve their emotional power by working the resources of the language to the limit. It could be argued that poetry represents real life. It tells about believes and about social issues for example some poems talk about racism and inequality in society. Some talk about God and his existence. It is important to note that these views are written from an individual point of view and although it does not give a clear view of what the society it was trying to represent was like it does give the reader an idea. Looking at poetry as a response to the reader it is difficult to explain. The assumptions that poetry is the expression of intense personal experience usually involve a related assumption about what we are supposed to do when we read such a poem. As stated above the response depends upon the individual reader. Some might find that that they feel sympathetic towards the poets intense feelings or experience the speakers sense of loss etc. Some of the most deep rooted preconceptions about poetry in our culture are that it records profound personal emotion and experience, that is often about nature, and that it should be imaginative. The way that poems are articulated and experiences told with powerful and deep emotions that makes the poetry so inspiring and joyful to read. Also from studying poetry the reader is encouraged to write poetry and meaningful experiences with other people. John Barrel has argued that we ought to ask questions of poems which have been neglected under New Criticisms influence: when it was written, whom it addressed, what was the function of any particular literary activity- writing epic poems, reading novels- at any particular period or for any particular kind of reader. In other words he is proposing that poems need to be regarded as discursive acts produced within specific institutions and discursive networks. The major implication with this theory of discourse is that the poems need to be understood not in terms of uniquely individual thought of its author but in terms of the general belief system of the period as it adapted to historical circumstance. In conclusion poetry is not one thing but many things. This is not only because we have different ways of describing things.

The Manifestations Of Globalisation Politics Essay

The Manifestations Of Globalisation Politics Essay Mittelman (2000, p 15) states that The manifestations of globalisation include the spatial reorganization of production, the interpenetration of industries across borders, the spread of financial markets, the diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant countries, massive transfers of population-mainly within the South as well as from the South and the East to the West, and an emerging worldwide (though not universal) preference for democracy. This introduction will highlight and lightly touch on the key points and arguments being raised, all of which will be elaborated on further in the body of the essay. We will first look at the impact globalization has had on the world. Globalization is merely a result of the mobility of three of the four factors of production, these factors being labour, capital and enterprise. However the globalization of business has led to an emerging global culture as ideas and knowledge are transported throughout the world. This emerging culture, coupled with the need for laws and regulation has given birth to the ideology of Global Governance (Bertucci, Alberti). As the trade procedures grew and crossed borders, where practices and cultures differed, there came the need for an international norm. As with anything new in this world, there will be arguments both for and against, however it is undeniable that the topic of globalization is a controversial one. The hyperglobalist would argue that free trade creates opportunities for global prosperity, peace and development and that both parties benefit from the mobilisation of trade, (Moore, 2003, p 9). On the other side of the coin, however, the globalization sceptics argue that one party loses out (usually the developing nations) and the rise of Global Governance poses a threat to a countrys sovereignty as some economies become interdependent or even reliant on Foreign Direct Investment. (Martell, 2010) Further arguments involve exploitation of the labour market and human rights violations all in the name of competitive advantage. Brune (2005) states that globalization has led to a drastic increase in child labour, sweatshops and other unethical practices as developing nations race for economic development, and so called first-world status. Finally we will look at the most pressing issue on the horizon today the environment. Many believe that the rapid spread of business and economic development is destroying the natural environment, thus raising the argument of sustainable growth. All these issues affect not only the business world, but the state too, and have given rise to International Governance Institutions which in simple terms serve to regulate, mediate and facilitate trade. The pre-globalisation state: Traditional functions of the central government The general assumption is that the government is a representation of a nation and that it is their job to uphold the rights of their people. Sliglitz states simply that the role of the state 150 years ago was to build the national economy and promote nation-building. Before globalization, the law began and ended with the government; it was the state that decided what policies to introduce, what laws to impose and enforce, how trade would be handled and mostly the degree of democracy within the country. The state preciously functioned on self interest, having no forceful external pressures meant that governance was a localised aspect, left up to the cultures, traditions, beliefs and preferences of that particular society. According to Mefleh, the state served to provide public goods, such as defence, education while maintaining order and bringing about economic growth. Globalization however, has impacted the way the state functions and set international standards that have be to adhered to in order to keep up with the wave of economic growth through assistance from organizations such as the World Bank and IMF. The biggest factor that has forced governments to transition and change their way of governing has been the spread of democracy in information and communication and the demand for transparency by the global community. International Governance Organisations : A new hierarchy However, Global economic integration has resulted in numerous emerging trends, one of the most important being the democratisation of information and communications (Friedman). One of the fore-fathers in economics, Adam Smith believed that an economy that opened its trade up to the international world would open itself up to national economic growth, but as this has happened the fundamental aspects of economies have been affected worldwide, leading to changes the way business is done (Moore). Countries have seen change both economically and socially, but these changes are not always positive, and this is where governance comes in. International governance organisations are meant to be a symbol of democracy and they have emerged as the need arose. They are large in numbers, and varied in their aims so we will look at some of the more powerful, well-known ones that are relevant to this essay. The United Nations is an umbrella organisation founded in 1945 after the Second World War, with the aim of preventing future disputes and wars through providing a platform for communication and mediation. This organisation has since expanded and become a super power. The UN has 192 member countries, out of the 245 countries in the world, each of which have to comply with the rules and regulations set by the organisation, or they risk losing out on the perks that come with being a member. A good example of this is the situation where in 2001 the IMF discontinued providing financial aid to Zimbabwe, as a result of the deficit occurred [IMF]. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) serves to provide developing nations with the finances necessary to develop their economies. When the debt was not repaid, and the IMF felt the terms had been broken they made a declaration of non-cooperation with the Zimbabwean government, cutting off the country from financial aid. This move put pressure on the government to rectify the issues that led to this deficit, as without financial backing the developing nation would be unable to achieve its poverty-relief goals. One of the main arguments against globalization is that developing nations receive the short end of the stick as they cannot compete in the international market against developed nations who have the knowledge, technology and finance which give these nations the competitive advantage. As a result of this, the World Trade Organization (WTO), which has 153 member states, has taken the role of trade mediator. This organization promotes free trade and assists in the building of trade blocs, international standardisation and trade regulations. The WTO has several committees which deal with anything from assessing standards and enforcing international standards, to environmental concerns, to anti-dumping legislation and has over time questioned trade practices, criticised, ostracised and helped develop trade blocs which have ultimately assisted many countries in their economic rise. India for example having a large, well-trained population was not able to penetrate the services industry in external markets until the Global governance has emerged in a time when it is needed. Many can argue that it takes away the power of the nation- state but there are many organizations that have changed the lives of people worldwide. The ILO enforces the International Labour Law, aimed at promoting equality, social justice, freedom of speech and an end to poverty. As the presence of unions has waned the ILO has been at the fore-front fighting for the rights of the labour force worldwide. An example of just how global this organization is would be the project run by the ILO in Mogadishu, Somalia. This country has seen years of economic strife, political instability and yet this organization was able to provide programmes that provided employment intense projects while promoting the equality of both men and women in the workplace. In a country that does not have a functioning government we see the need for a global system, for international standards and the benefits of having such organizations. Post-globalisation: The emerging roles of the state. It is clear that the welfare state is diminishing as free-market practices are being adopted and democracy is spreading like wildfire. However, although globalization has brought about many positive things, there have also been negative ones. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, the environment has become a great concern as businesses grow and the environment is damaged. One of the most esteemed and powerful organizations that exist solely to preserve the natural environment, Green Peace, have shown that businesses are polluting the water, air, irreparably damaging the environment as they struggle to compete in their respective markets. Because of this, it has fallen on the state now to regulate carbon emissions and promote sustainable, environmental friendly growth. In the United States the Environmental Protection Agency in California has set laws regarding carbon emissions and in Germany cars have to adhere to the Euro4 standards. These examples of how governments are impleme nting laws and regulations to protect the environment are just a few of the numerous measures being taken as a result of the pressure from the International community, and organisations such as Green Peace. Although globalization has led to the mobility of talent and knowledge it has also resulted in a wave of migrant labour from developing countries, to more economically developed nations. This has caused governments to tighten their immigration laws and so we see the aspect of nation-building is still present. On this topic England are imposing strict measures on allowing foreigners access to the country, after a period where laws regarding this were relatively lax (BBC NEWS). These laws are aimed mainly to protect the labour market as local Britons are losing work to migrant labour willing to accept lower wages and sub-standard working conditions while benefitting from the state-funded welfare. Governments now have to consider the implications of globalization on the labour market and act appropriately as they are still responsible for their citizens, even more so in democratic environments. The state does not only have to answer to any external organization it may be a part of, but in modern day politics the state has to answer to their people too. The media has become a powerful tool, and with democracy so wide-spread the elected state has become a medium of representation for the people, and is no longer a separate entity. The state still functions to develop the economy and protect its labour market, but now it also has the additional role of creating strategic alliances aimed at strengthening trade bonds that will contribute positively towards the economy. It is up to the government now to decide just how far they are willing to integrate and to use the platforms set up by organizations such as the WTO to negotiate the terms of trade to increase their competitiveness in the international market. To look directly at the question of International Governance organisations undermining the state, we can see that the state no longer has the power that it once used to. Each country that is a member of these global governing bodies has to abide by international law, and face criticism and even legal proceedings by the International Court of Justice. However, generally speaking, the state has become more transparent and even though they are answerable to other governing bodies, the state still has influence. Unfortunately some countries have more power than others depending on their political ties, but ceteris paribus, the state still has a necessary role to play.

anne bradstreet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anne Bradstreet was not only the first English-speaking, North American poet, but she was also the first American, woman poet to have her works published. In 1650, without her knowledge, Bradstreet’s brother-in-law had many of her poems published in a collection called The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America. Although these poems did not reflect what would be her best work, they did emulate what would be the greatest influence on all of her writing. Anne Bradstreet’s Puritan life was the strongest, and the most obvious influence on her work. Whether it was her reason for writing, how she wrote, or what she wrote about, Bradstreet’s poems would reflect the influence of Puritan life and doctrine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although there is very little information about Anne Bradstreet’s earlier life, we do know that she was born in 1612, probably in Northampton, England. Anne grew up in the Earl of Lincoln’s home, which was a very distinguished household with an extensive library. Her father Thomas Dudley, who handled many of the Earl’s affairs, encouraged his daughter’s education. Also serving as a steward to the Earl of Lincoln was Anne’s future husband, Simon Bradstreet. Both men were well educated, prominent people who would carry their knowledge and influence to the New World (Piercy 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1628 Anne and Simon were married. Two years later Thomas Dudley and the Bradstreets began their three month journey to New England on the Arbella (Piercy 18). The purpose of their journey was to arrive in a new world where they could practice and teach their puritan doctrine. The new colony was perfect for their simplified religion due to the lack of traditions that were already established in England.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here begins the influence of the Puritan life on Anne’s work. Christian Doctrine became the only topic that was acceptable for people to write about. It was used to educate and persuade the colonies to worship and honor God. Many Puritans kept journals and diaries as a history of God’s work among the colonies. The available readings contained moral lessons all established by Puritan leaders, or the church. In the article â€Å"Puritan Poetry: Public or Private† the author explains the aim of public poems is to present, confirm, and glorify the cause. It also suggests that the concerns of public poetry are d... ...iritual guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately being a Puritan was the greatest influence on Anne Bradstreet’s writing. It was the responsibilities of a Puritan woman that drove her to write, the Puritan culture she lived in that conformed how she wrote, and the Puritan doctrines she truly believed in that molded her thoughts into what she wrote about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Blackstock, Carrie. â€Å"Anne Bradstreet and Performativity Self-Cultivation, Self- Deployment.† Early American Literature 32 (1997): 223-247. Doriani, Beth. â€Å"Then Have I†¦Said With David: Anne Bradstreet’s Andover Manuscript Poems and the Influence of the Psalms Tradition†. Early American Literature 24 (1989): 52-69. Piercy, Josephine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York: Twayne Publishing, 1965. Salska, Agnieszka. â€Å"Puritan Poetry: Public and Private† Early American Literature 19 (1984): 114-119. White, Elizabeth W. Anne Bradstreet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. White, Peter. Puritan Poets and Poetics. PA: The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.

Ethics and Fears and Wonders of Human Cloning

What is a clone? According to the Encyclop?dia Britannica (1979), â€Å"a clone is a population of organisms derived originally from a single individual. By definition clones occur only in organisms capable of asexual reproduction and consist of genetically identical individuals†. There has been a successful recorded experiment which regard to cloning, although it was just an animal (a sheep to be more specific), there has been speculations that Human Cloning is not very far away.Before judging this issue, we should refrain having ignorant thoughts and try to study and understand the issue and detach ourselves from our emotions, religious dogmas and cultural habits/ or entrenched habits. We should see all the possible outcome of this, both positive and negative. Cloning is an issue that cannot be overlooked because everyone will be affected by the decision that would be put upon the issue, lives will either be saved and/or lost. In February 1997, Dolly the sheep, was successfu lly cloned from an adult sheep.After this experiment, some people were enthusiastic with this successful discovery, because it may be the key to unlocking the ‘untreatable diseases’ that we are currently facing today. It may give life and/or prolong life, it may be the only solution and the only hope for families that are experiencing a very difficult time in watching their loved ones suffer, and it may be the only guarantee that the human race will not die out in an incurable disease. The author has laid out cases that are suggesting that Human Cloning is needed; I think that some of the cases were purely for the good of the people/masses while some are extremely selfish.When I stated â€Å"good for the people/masses† I meant it in the terms of being egocentric. Being an egocentric, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is â€Å"concerned with the individual rather than society†. Wanting Human Cloning for your own sake but at the same time others wo uld also benefit from it (without real intention) shows egocentrism. On the other hand, I also stated that its â€Å"selfish†. What is being selfish? According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary selfish is an â€Å"arising from concern with one's own welfare or advantage in disregard of others†.You are centered to yourself and you do not care about what might be the affect towards other people. Some people would want Human Cloning to be implemented so they could clone themselves. A question popped into my mind, can you guarantee that your clone would have the same character or behavior as you had? Like Nicholas Coote said â€Å"If I have a clone of me, I am still unique as any clone has a consciousness that is not mine† and Shannon Brownies said â€Å"You could clone one hundred Hitler embryos and not get a single Hitler because he was shaped by his environment†.I think that this is suggesting that even though you will clone yourselves it will be impossible fo r you to create the exact same person because your clone would have to raised / exposed in the same environment and society as you, your clone should experience all of the things that you have experienced to make sure that he will be the same way as you. On the side of being ethical, people do not want human cloning to be implemented because it would cause conflict between the usual or normal way of creating life. Other Ethical groups were also worried about how the status of the family would be if cloning would be implemented.Some even suggest that cloning may lead to more harm than good. I personally think that with what people are doing with these days, they will tend to abuse the powers of cloning. It has been a bad habit for people to misuse things that are provided to them. I believe that for cloning to be successful people must understand how it works first and that they should make sure that there would be no information that they will not share or tell the public. Some of m y opinion may be impossible but it is because I believe that cloning may be used for good only if we are provided with the right information.

BeethovenMozart essays

BeethovenMozart essays Ludwig Van Beethoven and W.A. Mozart are the two most important musicians of their time. Their pieces are everlasting and will live on forever. Their styles are so unique and uplifting that they could never be matched. These masterminds played in the same time period but their lives differed tremendously. There are some similarities and many differences between these two but one fact will remain: They are the central and most vital part of all music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the most prolific and important musical innovators we have ever seen. His style of music helped re-shape music and the Classical period. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in 1756. Mozart was a child prodigy, claiming most success as a youth. At the age of six, Mozart could play the harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, and read music perfectly. At the age of eight, he wrote a symphony and at eleven, an oratorio. Then amazingly, at the age of twelve he wrote an opera. Mozart's father was Leopold Mozart, a court musician. Both Mozart and Beethoven had help from their fathers in different ways. Mozart's father helped him travel around as a young musician and with this he traveled many places and seen many well-known people and aristocrats. With Mozart's early successes came many challenges to his life. He had greater expectations from the community and from his father. Unlike, Beethoven, Mozart was a bit spoiled as a youth and because of this he would not tolerate to be treated as a servant. He completely relied on his father to help him and would not work with the archbishop. This would become a problem when Mozart did not develop enough initiative and could not make decisions on his own. Then, at age 25, Mozart broke free of Salzburg and became a freelance musician in Vienna. This is where Mozart found some success. He wrote, Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, a German opera in 1782. Mozart e ...